| President of the Government of Spain Presidente del Gobierno |
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|---|---|
Flag of Government Officials |
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| Style | Excelentísimo Señor |
| Residence | Palacio de la Moncloa |
| Appointer | Monarch of Spain |
| Term length | General elections to the Cortes are held every four years at most. The President is by convention the leader of the victorious party. No term limits are imposed on the office. |
| Inaugural holder | Francisco de Paula Martinez de la Rosa |
| Formation | 1820 |
| Website | www.lamoncloa.gob.es |
| Spain |
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The President of the Government of Spain (Spanish: Presidente del Gobierno),[1] sometimes known in English as the Prime Minister of Spain,[2] is the head of Government of Spain. The current office is established under the Constitution of 1978. The King of Spain nominates a candidate for the presidency who stands before the Congress of Deputies for a Vote of Confidence in a process known as a Congressional Investiture, effectively an indirect election of the head of government by the elected Congressional delegates.
Mariano Rajoy Brey of the People's Party as been the prime minister since he was sworn in on December 21, 2011, after winning the 2011 general election.
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The Spanish head of government is known, in Spanish, as the Presidente del Gobierno. Literally translated, the title is "President of the Government"[3] or alternatively "Chairman of the Government",[4] but nevertheless the office-holder is commonly referred to in English as the "prime minister", the usual term for the head of government in a parliamentary system. However the Spanish for 'prime minister' is primer ministro; thus, for example, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the Primer Ministro del Reino Unido, not the Presidente del Gobierno.
In Spain the head of the government is often called simply Presidente, meaning 'President'. This sometimes causes confusion since it is the usual term for the head of government in a republic; former governor of Florida Jeb Bush once mistakenly referred to the "President of the Republic of Spain".[5] The custom to name the head of government as "President" dates back to the reign of Isabella II of Spain, when the official title was Presidente del Consejo de Ministros ("President of the Council of Ministers"). Before 1833 the figure was known as Secretario de Estado ("Secretary of State"), a denomination used today for junior ministers.
Once a general election has been announced by the king, political parties nominate their candidates to stand for the presidency of the government. An outgoing president who is not running in that election remains in office as a caretaker until their successor is sworn in, such as José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero; this differs from other parliamentary governments whose prime ministers always lead their parties during the election campaign.
Following the general election of the Cortes Generales (Cortes), and other circumstances provided for in the constitution, the king meets with and interviews the political party leaders represented in the Congress of Deputies, and then consults with the Speaker of the Congress of Deputies (officially, Presidente de Congreso de los Diputados de España, who, in this instance, represents the whole of the Cortes Generales and was himself elected from within the Congress to be the Speaker) before nominating his candidate for the presidency, according to Section 99 of Title IV.[6] Often minor parties form part of a larger major party, and through that membership it can be said that the king fulfills his constitutional mandate of consulting with party representatives with Congressional representation.
Title IV Government and Administration Section 99(1) & (2)
- (1) After each renewal of the Congress and the other cases provided for under the Constitution, the King shall, after consultation with the representatives appointed by the political groups with parliamentary representation, and through the Speaker of the Congress, nominate for the Presidency of the Government.
- (2) The candidate nominated in accordance with the provisions of the foregoing subsection shall submit to the Congress the political program of the Government he or she intends to form and shall seek the confidence of the House.[6]
Artículo 99.
- 1. Después de cada renovación del Congreso de los Diputados, y en los demás supuestos constitucionales en que así proceda, el Rey, previa consulta con los representantes designados por los grupos políticos con representación parlamentaria, y a través del Presidente del Congreso, propondrá un candidato a la Presidencia del Gobierno.
- 2. El candidato propuesto conforme a lo previsto en el apartado anterior expondrá ante el Congreso de los Diputados el programa político del Gobierno que pretenda formar y solicitará la confianza de la Cámara.[6]
Constitutionally, the monarch may nominate anyone he sees fit as his prerogative. However, it remains pragmatic for monarch to nominate a candidate who is most likely to enjoy the confidence of the Congress of Deputies and form a government, usually the political leader whose party commands the most seats in the Congress.[6] For the Crown to nominate the political leader whose party controls the Congress can be seen as a royal endorsement of the democratic process— a fundamental concept enshrined in the 1978 Constitution.
By political custom established by Juan Carlos I since the ratification of the 1978 Constitution, the king's nominees have all been from parties who maintain a plurality of seats in the Congress. However, there is no legal requirement for this. It has never happened in the national government, but the largest party could end up not ruling if rival parties gather into a majority, forming a coalition. This scenario is unlikely as political activity in Spain has effectively coalesced into a two-party system between the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and the People's Party, with the two major parties adopting some aspects of the minor party platforms in an effort to attract them into a coalition to edge out their rival party.
The monarch is normally to able announce his nominee the day following a general election.
The monarch's order nominating a presidential candidate is countersigned by the Speaker of the Congress, who then presents the nominee before the Congress of Deputies in a process known as a Congressional Investiture (Investidura parlamentaria). During the Investiture proceedings the nominee presents his political agenda in an Investiture Speech to be debated and submitted for a Vote of Confidence (Cuestión de confianza) by the Congress, effecting an indirect election of the head of government.[6][7] A simple majority confirms the nominee and his program.[6] At the moment of the vote, the confidence is awarded if the candidate receives a majority of votes in the first poll (currently 176 out of 350 MPs), but if the confidence is not awarded, a second vote is scheduled two days later in which a simple majority of votes cast (i.e., more "yes" than "no" votes) is required.
After the nominee is confirmed, the Speaker of the Congress formally reports to the king of the congressional confirmation. The king then appoints the candidate as the new President of the Government. The king's order of appointment is countersigned by the Speaker. During the inauguration ceremony performed by the king, customarily at the Salón de Audiencias in the Zarzuela Palace, the president elect of the Government takes an oath of office over an open constitution and next to the Holy Bible. The oath as taken by President Zapatero on his first term in office on 17 April 2004 was;[8]:
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Juro/Prometo, por mi conciencia y honor, cumplir fielmente las obligaciones del cargo de Presidente del Gobierno con lealtad al Rey, guardar y hacer guardar la Constitución como norma fundamental del Estado, así como mantener el secreto de las deliberaciones del Consejo de Ministros. |
I swear/promise, under my conscience and honor, to faithfully execute the duties of the office of President of the Government with loyalty to the King, obey and enforce the Constitution as the main law of the State, and preserve in secret the deliberations of the Council of Ministers. |
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In 2008, from the time the king nominated José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero for a second term as president immediately following the 2008 general election, almost a month passed before Zapatero was able to present his Investiture Speech before the Congress and stand for a Vote of Confidence.[7] If no overall majority was obtained on the first Vote of the Confidence, then the same nominee and program is resubmitted for a second vote within forty-eight hours.[6] Following the second vote, if confidence by the Congress is still unreached, then the monarch again meets with political leaders and the Speaker, and submits a new nominee for a vote of confidence.[6] If, within two months, no candidate has won the confidence of the Congress then the King dissolves the Cortes and calls for a new general election.[6] The King's royal decree is countersigned by the Speaker of the Congress.[6]
Once appointed, the President of the Government forms his government whose ministers are appointed and removed by the King on the president's advice. In the political life of Spain, the king would already be familiar with the various political leaders in a professional capacity, and perhaps less formally in a more social capacity, facilitating their meeting following a general election. Conversely, nominating the party leader whose party maintains a plurality and who are already familiar with their party manifesto facilitates a smoother nomination process. In the event of coalitions, the political leaders would customarily have met beforehand to hammer out a coalition agreement before their meeting with the King.
Governments and the Cortes sit for a term no longer than four years when the president tenders his resignation to the king and advises the king to dissolve the Cortes, prompting a general election. It remains within the king's prerogative to dissolve the Cortes if, at the conclusion of the four years, the president has not asked for its dissolution, according to Title II Section 56.[9] The king may call for earlier elections on the advice of the president, known as a snap election, but no sooner than a year after the prior general election.[10] Additionally, if the Government loses the confidence of the Cortes, then it must resign.
In the event that a president dies or becomes incapacitated while in office, then the government as a whole resigns and the process of royal nomination and appointment takes place. The vice president would then take over the day to day operations in the meantime, even while the vice president himself may be nominated by the King and stand for a vote of confidence.
Title IV of the Constitution defines the government and its responsibilities.[6] The government consists of the President of the Government and ministers of state. The government conducts domestic and foreign policy, civil and military administration, and the defense of the nation all in the name of the king on behalf of the people. Additionally, the government exercises executive authority and statutory regulations.[6]
There is no provision in the Spanish Constitution for explicitly granting any emergency powers to the government, which could be understood as exorcizing the ghost of the recent dictatorship in Spain. However, Title II, Sections 56 of the constitution vests the monarch as the "arbitrator and moderator of the institutions" of government, [The King] arbitrates and moderates the regular functioning of the institutions (arbitra y modera el funcionamiento regular de las instituciones).[11][12] This provision could be understood as allowing the king or his government ministers to exercise emergency authority in times of national crisis, such as when the king used his authority to back the government of the day and call for the military to abandon the 23-F coup attempt in 1981.
Peerages in Spain are created by the Grace of the King, according to the Spanish Ministry of Justice, and are the highest marks of distinction that he may bestow in his capacity as the fons honorum in Spain. Conventionally, the Title of Concession creating the dignity must be countersigned by a government minister. When a title is created for a former president, the succeeding president customarily countersigns the royal decree. As a reward for national service, the king awarded peerages to two of his former presidents who have since retired from active politics: Adolfo Suárez was created 1st Duke of Suárez; and Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo was created 1st Marquess of la Ría de Ribadeo. Additional titles of nobility have been created by the king for other government ministers, usually at the advice of the president of the government.
As of 2005, the king has created 40 hereditary titles of nobility.
This is a list of the people who have held the office of President of the Government of Spain since the Spanish transition to democracy. For the full list since the predecessor office of Secretary of the Universal Bureau was created (1705), see List of Prime Ministers of Spain.
| Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Political party | Legislature (Elected) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adolfo Suárez González (1932– ) |
5 July 1976 |
29 January 1981 |
Union of the Democratic Centre UCD |
Cst. (1977) | ||
| I (1979) | ||||||
| First democratic Prime Minister of Spain; Appointed by King Juan Carlos I in 1976; Law for Political Reform; Spanish transition to democracy; 1977 Massacre of Atocha; First free and democratic Spanish elections in 41 years; Spanish Constitution of 1978. 1980s economic crisis. Legalization of divorce. Resigned due to internal crisis, struggle and lack of support within his own party. | ||||||
| Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo y Bustelo (1926–2008) |
25 February 1981 |
1 December 1982 |
Union of the Democratic Centre UCD |
I ( ···· ) | ||
| Acting Prime Minister, January 29—February 25, 1981; 1981 Spanish coup d'état attempt, UCD break up and heavy defeat in the 1982 general elections. | ||||||
| Felipe González Márquez (1942– ) |
1 December 1982 |
5 May 1996 |
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party PSOE |
II (1982) | ||
| III (1986) | ||||||
| IV (1989) | ||||||
| V (1993) | ||||||
| Longest-serving Prime Minister of Spain to date; Largest landslide victory in a Spanish election; Legalization of abortion; Increasing of personal freedoms; Reorganization of the education; Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación (GAL); 1985 El Descanso bombing; Spanish NATO membership referendum, 1986; 1987 Hipercor bombing; Spain's accession to the European Economic Community; Liberalizing of economic policies; 1988 general strike; FILESA case; 1991 Vic bombing; 1992 Seville fair; 1992 Summer Olympics, 1993 economic crisis | ||||||
| José María Aznar López (1953– ) |
5 May 1996 |
17 April 2004 |
People's Party PP |
VI (1996) | ||
| VII (2000) | ||||||
| First People's Party PM; Privatization of public enterprises; ETA killing of Miguel Ángel Blanco; Abolishment of compulsory military service; Spanish accession to the European single currency; 2002 general strike; 2002 Perejil Island crisis; Reform of university studies by decree; Application of the National Hydrological Plan; Prestige incident; Commitment of troops to Afghanistan and Iraq wars; Banning of Batasuna; 2004 Madrid train bombings | ||||||
| José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (1960– ) |
17 April 2004 |
21 December 2011 |
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party PSOE |
VIII (2004) | ||
| IX (2008) | ||||||
| Withdrawal of Spanish troops from Iraq; Same-sex marriage legislation; ETA's 2006 ceasefire declaration; 2006 Madrid-Barajas Airport bombing; 2008–2011 Spanish financial crisis, whose effects (high unemployment rate, large budget deficit) forced Zapatero's government to approve a series of austerity reforms (overhaul of the labour market, raising of the retirement age from 65 to 67) resulted in the 2011 protests); Early 2010s European sovereign debt crisis; Arab Spring and NATO military intervention in Libya; ETA's announces permanent end of armed activity. | ||||||
| Mariano Rajoy Brey (1955– ) |
21 December 2011 |
Incumbent | People's Party PP |
X (2011) | ||
| Second largest landslide victory for a PM candidate in a Spanish election. | ||||||
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